Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems play a key role in the digitalization of enterprises, supporting their transition towards sustainable development. The aim of the research was to analyze the impact of ERP implementation on economic, environmental, and social aspects of manufacturing organizations. The study used in-depth, non-standardized interviews with representatives of three medium-sized enterprises that had implemented an ERP system. The research results indicate that ERP systems improve operational efficiency, reduce waste and costs, and increase stakeholder satisfaction. Practical application includes optimizing machine uptime, improving inventory management, and eliminating errors resulting from outdated data. ERP systems also support the environmental dimension of sustainable development by reducing post-production waste and the ability to monitor production’s environmental impact. In the social aspect, ERP implementation noticeably improves working conditions, employee satisfaction, and their professional development. The conclusions from the research emphasize the importance of properly adaptating ERP systems to the needs of an organization and their impact on the improving business processes. Despite large financial and organizational outlays, investment in ERP implementation brings measurable benefits in the field of sustainable development. Moreover, the study highlights the need for further research on human cooperation with ERP systems and the impact of generational changes on the effectiveness of using these tools.